I want to know what sort of surface finishing processes are out there and see what the advantages/disadvantages are.
A question to the question - are you seeking machining surface finish methods, or deburring processes, or polishing, or coatings? There is a bunch, here is just 10 methods. 10 Metal Surface Treatment Techniques to Make Your Products More Cost-Effective! (youtube.com)
Ryan, that general, overly simplistic question, to a complex subject that has volumes written about it, indicates you are quite new to this environment. With utmost respect, no comment here could possibly do you the service you deserve or seek. Just search eBay with “surface finish book” and you will catch 174 books! At least half of them devoted to metal. I suggest you pick the area of your immediate interest in finishing and buy a book or two on that subject. Regardless of google there is no substitute for starting a carefully chosen professional library. Every college graduate has kept at least one favorite book before selling all the others back to the bookstore!